-
1 Staudinger, Hermann
[br]b. 23 March 1881 Worms, Germanyd. 8 September 1965 Freiberg im Breisgau, Germany[br]German chemist, founder of polymer chemistry.[br]Staudinger studied chemistry at the universities of Halle, Darmstadt and Munich, originally as a preparation for botanical studies, but chemistry claimed his full attention. He followed an academic career, with professorships at Karlsruhe in 1908, Zurich in 1912 and Freiberg from 1926 until his retirement in 1951. Staudinger began his work as an organic chemist by following well-established lines of research, but from 1920 he struck out in a new direction. Until that time, rubber and other apparently non-crystalline materials with high molecular weight were supposed to consist of a disordered collection of small molecules. Staudinger investigated the structure of rubber and realized that it was made up of very large molecules with many basic groups of atoms held together by normal chemical bonds. Substances formed in this way are known as "polymers". Staudinger's views first met with opposition, but he developed methods of determining the molecular weights of these "high polymers". Finally, the introduction of X-ray crystallographic investigation of chemical structure confirmed his views. This discovery has proved to be the basis of a new branch of chemistry with momentous consequences for industry. From it stemmed the synthetic rubber, plastics, fibres, adhesives and other industries, with all their multifarious applications in everyday life. The Staudinger equation, linking viscosity with molecular weight, is still widely used, albeit with some reservations, in the polymer industry.During the 1930s, Staudinger turned his attention to biopolymers and foresaw the discovery some twenty years later that these macromolecules were the building blocks of life. In 1953 he belatedly received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1953.Bibliography1961, Arbeitserinnerungen, Heidelberg; pub. in English, 1970 as From Organic Chemistry to Macromolecules, New York (includes a comprehensive bibliography of 644 items).Further ReadingE.Farber, 1963, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, New York.R.C.Olby, 1970, "The macromolecular concept and the origins of molecular biology", J. Chem. Ed. 47:168–74.LRD
См. также в других словарях:
Nobel Prize winners by name (S through U) — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name (S through U) name year category country* achievement literary area Saavedra Lamas, Carlos 1936 peace Argentina Sabatier, Paul 1912 chemistry France method of hydrogenating organic compounds Sachs, Nelly 1966… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by name (A through C) — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name (A through C) name year category country* achievement literary area Abrikosov, Alexey A. 2003 physics U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Addams, Jane 1931… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by name (M through O) — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name (M through O) name year category country* achievement literary area Maathai, Wangari 2004 peace Kenya MacBride, Seán 1974 peace Ireland MacDiarmid, Alan G. 2000 chemistry U.S. discovery of plastics that… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by name (J through L) — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name (J through L) name year category country* achievement literary area Jacob, François 1965 physiology/ medicine France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells Jelinek, Elfriede 2004 literature… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by year 1 — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by year (1971–80) year category name country* achievement literary area 1971 chemistry Herzberg, Gerhard Canada research in the structure of molecules economics Kuznets, Simon U.S. extensive research on the economic… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by name 1 — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name (G through I) name year category country* achievement literary area Gabor, Dennis 1971 physics U.K. invention of holography Gajdusek, D. Carleton 1976 physiology/ medicine U.S. studies of the origin and spread… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by year 5 — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by year (1991–2000) year category name country* achievement literary area 1991 chemistry Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy economics Coase, Ronald U.S. application of … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by year 6 — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by year (1961–70) year category name country* achievement literary area 1961 chemistry Calvin, Melvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis literature Andric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) Yugoslavia… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by name 2 — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name (P through R) name year category country* achievement literary area Palade, George E. 1974 physiology/ medicine U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells Pamuk, Orhan 2006 literature… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by name 3 — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name (D through F) name year category country* achievement literary area Dalai Lama 1989 peace Tibet Dale, Sir Henry 1936 physiology/ medicine U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses Dalén, Nils 1912… … Universalium
Nobel Prize winners by year 7 — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by year (1981–90) year category name country* achievement literary area 1981 chemistry Fukui Kenichi Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions chemistry Hoffmann, Roald U.S. orbital symmetry… … Universalium
